• Look for areas with premature ripening, thin canola areas

• Scout near field entrances and areas where water has moved soil
• Pull plants and look for gall formations on roots – if late in the season, galls may have decayed into sawdust-like brown material. DNA tests can provide confirmation

• If no patches exist, then dig up the roots of random plants near field entrances or other high-traffic areas

• Scout non-canola fields and look at brassica weeds (e.g. shepherd's-purse, stinkweed, flixweed, wild mustard and volunteer canola) which can act as a host and become infected

• Be sure to consider volunteer canola as a potential source of clubroot, even if the volunteers are from a clubroot-resistant hybrid

A clubroot-resistant hybrid is a hybrid that is bred to be resistant to clubroot. This means that it is resistant to the predominant clubroot strains or pathotypes in Canada. No clubroot-resistant hybrids, including new ones with multiple resistance genes, are resistant to all the clubroot pathotypes detected in Canada to date. There is a classification system ranging from:

Resistant (R) – less than 30% infection compared to susceptible checks.
Intermediate (I) – between 30 and 50% infection compared to susceptible checks.
Susceptible (S) – more than 50% infection compared to susceptible checks.

If you have clubroot on your farm or you know that there are fields that are infected with clubroot in the community that you farm in, you should be growing a resistant hybrid.

With respect to clubroot, a farming community is the area where you or others conduct your farming activities. If you farm across a large geography, or if you have external contractors that drive in your fields (custom work, agronomic support, etc.) and they travel larger distances, your community will be quite large.

The goal with scouting for clubroot is to find the problem early.

1. Pull the infected plants and either burn them or bury them in a landfill.

2. Lime the area to increase the soil pH – talk to your Canola Council of Canada Agronomist regarding lime sources, particle sizes and rates, as this is an area where the science is quickly evolving.

3. Stop the movement of dirt from 2X the area and consider planting it to grass.

4. Increase your canola rotation to a minimum of 1 in 3 years.

5. Increase the scouting on your farm.

6. At a minimum, tell your neighbors that you found clubroot and tell them what your management plan is. Also consider reporting to the local Canola Council of Canada Agronomist.

7. Grow a resistant hybrid – consider first generation genetics.

8. Control colunteer canola and other brassica species in canola and non-canola crops.

Follow the same steps outlined above with the addition of the following:

• Consider having the shifted or newly introduced population pathotyped. Fields in Canada that have clubroot have more than 1 pathotype in the soil. With the use of resistance genetics, you will control the pathotypes that your hybrid has resistance to. But over time, because there are spores from other pathotypes that are not being controlled, you could see the predominant pathotype shift in your field. Also, selection pressure on the pathotypes being controlled can cause genetic changes in virulence of the pathogen to overcome resistance. To get galls tested for the predominant pathotype, talk to your local Canola Council of Canada Agronomist who can get it sent to the University of Alberta for pathotyping

• Grow a canola hybrid with second-generation genetics the next time you grow canola on that field

0 to 100% – the following are estimates based on field observations if you do not use control measures:

• 1^st year yield losses are typically below 1%

• 2^nd canola cycle: approximately 10% yield loss

• 3^rd canola cycle: greater than 50% yield loss

• 4^th canola cycle: 90% or greater yield loss

It depends on your rotation. If you are farming with a short rotation (more frequent than 1 canola crop every 3 years) under a high clubroot spore load, you could see the predominant pathotype shift after your second canola crop.

Under a lower spore load and a longer rotation between canola crops, you will get more canola crop cycles.

It is very difficult to quantify a low spore load. We can only tell if farmers have a high spore load – 1x10⁵ spores per gram of soil is a high spore load.

• Soil tests for clubroot spore load results could be used to assess the clubroot risk level, but the downside of this test could be that it could create problems for interpretation. Fewer spores mean lower risk, but clubroot infection can still occur at 1,000 spores per gram of soil or less. If one field has 10,000 spores per gram and the neighbouring field has 100,000, both fields could have a problem due to potential soil movement between fields. Furthermore, if a test shows 1,000,000 spores per gram, the field is clearly at risk and symptoms are likely to appear under most conditions
• Adding to the grey area is that results can be different depending on the lab (results cannot be compared lab to lab because of their different sampling, storage, extraction and analysis protocols)
• When sampling to determine the spore load in a heavily infested area, collect samples from only that area, as a composite sample from other areas may dilute the spore concentration. Also, to get a fair estimate of spore load within a heavily infested area, include soil from the canola row and from between the rows (Canola Watch how to test for clubroot pathogen, 2018)
• The bottom line on soil testing for clubroot is that several labs offer this service, and positive results can be a useful management tool, but negative results do not mean the field is risk-free as it could just come down to not sampling the right area

• The nomenclature around clubroot pathotyping continues to evolve as the science and detection methods advance. Due to this uncertainty, there is real risk that what we believe is a particular pathotype today, may actually be a population of multiple pathotypes that we have yet to understand
• InVigor L343PC is resistant to the predominant pathotypes present across Canada, plus additional recent newer pathotypes
• InVigor L343PC has been tested and is resistant against a wide range of clubroot pathotypes, including many of the new pathotypes that have been identified, and we are confident that InVigor L343PC is going to be effective against most of these new and emerging pathotypes
• In fields where InVigor L330PC, InVigor L340PC and InVigor L350PC cannot be grown due to the pathotypes that have overcome the resistance within these hybrids, InVigor L343PC can be used as it will perform better due to additional effectiveness against some of the new pathotypes
• We recommend growing InVigor L343PC with second-generation clubroot resistance after two cycles of growing first-generation clubroot-resistant hybrids in clubroot-affected areas or when clubroot symptoms are noticed in first-generation clubroot-resistant hybrids (whichever comes first)
• For a visual tool to help you recognize when to select second-generation clubroot resistance for your field, download:

• First-generation hybrids contain resistance genetics that were initially deployed to combat clubroot for InVigor hybrid canola. This includes InVigor L330PC, InVigor L340PC and InVigor L350PC. They were designed to control the predominant pathotypes in Canada at the time of their registration
• Second-generation hybrids contain additional sources of resistance designed with multiple genes so that they are effective against a wider range of pathotypes

Grow the InVigor hybrid that best meets your needs for yield potential and agronomic characteristics (either non-clubroot resistant or first-generation clubroot resistant). Remember to keep scouting for clubroot on your farm and utilize good IPM strategies, regardless of your hybrid choice.

Grow a non-clubroot-resistant or a first-generation clubroot-resistant InVigor hybrid, whichever you feel performs best on your farm and in your area. Remember to keep scouting for clubroot on your farm and utilize good IPM strategies.

Consider growing a first-generation clubroot-resistant InVigor hybrid combined with aggressive scouting and good IPM strategies.

Grow a first generation clubroot-resistant InVigor hybrid on all your canola acres combined with aggressive scouting and good IPM strategies for managing clubroot, which includes extending your crop rotation to a minimum of 1 in 3 years. For example:

Year 1: Canola
Year 2: Wheat
Year 3: Soybean
Year 4: Canola

Consider growing second generation clubroot-resistant InVigor hybrids across all your canola acres combined with aggressive scouting and good IPM strategies. First generation hybrids can still be an option, providing you actively scout for clubroot and implement a minimum 1-in-3-year crop rotation.

The science and nomenclature are evolving, and we continue to learn about clubroot population dynamics. Secondly, clubroot pathotypes within populations are diverse and are highly variable within a field. Generalizations about predominant pathotypes can lead to poor field performance. Furthermore, there are no commercial testing facilities providing robust pathotyping for clubroot currently.

• Look for areas with premature ripening, thin canola areas

• Scout near field entrances and areas where water has moved soil
• Pull plants and look for gall formations on roots – if late in the season, galls may have decayed into sawdust-like brown material. DNA tests can provide confirmation

• If no patches exist, then dig up the roots of random plants near field entrances or other high-traffic areas.

• Scout non-canola fields and look at brassica weeds e.g. shepherd's-purse, stinkweed, flixweed, wild mustard and volunteer canola, which can act as a host and become infected.

• Be sure to consider volunteer canola as a potential source of clubroot, even if the volunteers are from a clubroot-resistant hybrid.

A clubroot-resistant hybrid is a hybrid that is bred to be resistant to clubroot. This means that it is resistant to the predominant clubroot strains or pathotypes in Canada. No clubroot-resistant hybrids, including new ones with multiple resistance genes, are resistant to all the clubroot pathotypes detected in Canada to date. There is a classification system ranging from:

Resistant (R) – less than 30% infection compared to susceptible checks.
Intermediate (I) – between 30 and 50% infection compared to susceptible checks.
Susceptible (S) – more than 50% infection compared to susceptible checks.

If you have clubroot on your farm or you know that there are fields that are infected with clubroot in the community that you farm in, you should be growing a resistant hybrid.

With respect to clubroot, a farming community is the area where you or others conduct your farming activities. If you farm across a large geography, or if you have external contractors that drive in your fields (custom work, agronomic support, etc.) and they travel larger distances, your community will be quite large.

The goal with scouting for clubroot is to find the problem early.

1. Pull the infected plants and either burn them or bury them in a landfill.

2. Lime the area to increase the soil pH – talk to your Canola Council of Canada Agronomist regarding lime sources, particle sizes and rates, as this is an area where the science is quickly evolving.

3. Stop the movement of dirt from 2X the area and consider planting it to grass.

4. Increase your canola rotation to a minimum of 1 in 3 years.

5. Increase the scouting on your farm.

6. At a minimum, tell your neighbors that you found clubroot and tell them what your management plan is. Also consider reporting to the local Canola Council of Canada Agronomist.

7. Grow a resistant hybrid – consider first generation genetics.

8. Control colunteer canola and other brassica species in canola and non-canola crops.

Follow the same steps outlined above with the addition of the following:

• Consider having the shifted or newly introduced population pathotyped. Fields in Canada that have clubroot have more than 1 pathotype in the soil. With the use of resistance genetics, you will control the pathotypes that your hybrid has resistance to. But over time, because there are spores from other pathotypes that are not being controlled, you could see the predominant pathotype shift in your field. Also, selection pressure on the pathotypes being controlled can cause genetic changes in virulence of the pathogen to overcome resistance. To get galls tested for the predominant pathotype, talk to your local Canola Council of Canada Agronomist who can get it sent to the University of Alberta for pathotyping

• Grow a canola hybrid with second-generation genetics the next time you grow canola on that field

0 to 100% – the following are estimates based on field observations if you do not use control measures:

• 1^st year yield losses are typically below 1%

• 2^nd canola cycle: approximately 10% yield loss

• 3^rd canola cycle: greater than 50% yield loss

• 4^th canola cycle: 90% or greater yield loss

It depends on your rotation. If you are farming with a short rotation (more frequent than 1 canola crop every 3 years) under a high clubroot spore load, you could see the predominant pathotype shift after your second canola crop.

Under a lower spore load and a longer rotation between canola crops, you will get more canola crop cycles.

It is very difficult to quantify a low spore load. We can only tell if farmers have a high spore load – 1x10⁵ spores per gram of soil is a high spore load.

• Soil tests for clubroot spore load results could be used to assess the clubroot risk level, but the downside of this test could be that it could create problems for interpretation. Fewer spores mean lower risk, but clubroot infection can still occur at 1,000 spores per gram of soil or less. If one field has 10,000 spores per gram and the neighbouring field has 100,000, both fields could have a problem due to potential soil movement between fields. Furthermore, if a test shows 1,000,000 spores per gram, the field is clearly at risk and symptoms are likely to appear under most conditions
• Adding to the grey area is that results can be different depending on the lab (results cannot be compared lab to lab because of their different sampling, storage, extraction and analysis protocols)
• When sampling to determine the spore load in a heavily infested area, collect samples from only that area, as a composite sample from other areas may dilute the spore concentration. Also, to get a fair estimate of spore load within a heavily infested area, include soil from the canola row and from between the rows (Canola Watch how to test for clubroot pathogen, 2018)
• The bottom line on soil testing for clubroot is that several labs offer this service, and positive results can be a useful management tool, but negative results do not mean the field is risk-free as it could just come down to not sampling the right area

• The nomenclature around clubroot pathotyping continues to evolve as the science and detection methods advance. Due to this uncertainty, there is real risk that what we believe is a particular pathotype today, may actually be a population of multiple pathotypes that we have yet to understand
• InVigor L343PC is resistant to the predominant pathotypes present across Canada, plus additional recent newer pathotypes
• InVigor L343PC has been tested and is resistant against a wide range of clubroot pathotypes, including many of the new pathotypes that have been identified, and we are confident that InVigor L343PC is going to be effective against most of these new and emerging pathotypes
• In fields where InVigor L330PC, InVigor L340PC and InVigor L350PC cannot be grown due to the pathotypes that have overcome the resistance within these hybrids, InVigor L343PC can be used as it will perform better due to additional effectiveness against some of the new pathotypes
  
• We recommend growing InVigor L343PC with second-generation clubroot resistance after two cycles of growing first-generation clubroot-resistant hybrids in clubroot-affected areas or when clubroot symptoms are noticed in first generation clubroot-resistant hybrids (whichever comes first)

• For a visual tool to help you recognize when second-generation clubroot resistance for your field, download:

• First-generation hybrids contain resistance genetics that were initially deployed to combat clubroot for InVigor hybrid canola. This includes InVigor L330PC, InVigor L340PC and InVigor L350PC. They were designed to control the predominant pathotypes in Canada at the time of their registration
  
• Second-generation hybrids contain additional sources of resistance designed with multiple genes so that they are effective against a wider range of pathotypes

Grow the InVigor hybrid that best meets your needs for yield potential and agronomic characteristics (either non-clubroot resistant or first-generation clubroot resistant). Remember to keep scouting for clubroot on your farm and utilize good IPM strategies, regardless of your hybrid choice.

Grow a non-clubroot-resistant or a first-generation clubroot-resistant InVigor hybrid, whichever you feel performs best on your farm and in your area. Remember to keep scouting for clubroot on your farm and utilize good IPM strategies.

Consider growing a first-generation clubroot-resistant InVigor hybrid combined with aggressive scouting and good IPM strategies.

Grow a first generation clubroot-resistant InVigor hybrid on all your canola acres combined with aggressive scouting and good IPM strategies for managing clubroot, which includes extending your crop rotation to a minimum of 1 in 3 years. For example:

Year 1: Canola
Year 2: Wheat
Year 3: Soybean
Year 4: Canola

Consider growing second generation clubroot-resistant InVigor hybrids across all your canola acres combined with aggressive scouting and good IPM strategies. First generation hybrids can still be an option, providing you actively scout for clubroot and implement a minimum 1-in-3-year crop rotation.

The science and nomenclature are evolving, and we continue to learn about clubroot population dynamics. Secondly, clubroot pathotypes within populations are diverse and are highly variable within a field. Generalizations about predominant pathotypes can lead to poor field performance. Furthermore, there are no commercial testing facilities providing robust pathotyping for clubroot currently.